Africa: Aids Research 'Game Changer'
The result is not unsurprising, as earlier studies have also indicated the positive effect of AIDS treatment on reducing the risk of infection. But this study, including 1,763 HIVserodiscordant couples (couples that have one member who is HIV-infected and the other who is HIV-uninfected) at 13 sites across Africa, Asia and the Americas, is by far the most definitive. The implication is that AIDS treatment, far from being an alternative to AIDS prevention strategies, is in fact one of the most effective strategies for prevention. Meanwhile, only a little more than 5 million of the 15 million with HIV needing treatment under existing guidelines are receiving treatment. In total there are 33 million estimated to be living with HIV, many more of whom might also benefit by treatment, thus reducing the risks of transmission.
In a May 16 editorial, the San Francisco Chronicle (http://tinyurl.com/3b73c6s) concluded that failing to fund early treatment "would be a mistake. Yes, anti-retroviral medications are pricey - but what are really expensive are new HIV infections. Early treatment offers enormous returns for patients' health and productivity, and now, it appears, that benefit extends to their partners as well. It doesn't come cheaper than that."
This AfricaFocus Bulletin contains (1) a press release from FHI (http://www.fhi.org) describing the new study by HIV Prevention Trials Network (http://www.hptn.org) , (2) a press release from MÃ decins Sans Frontières (MSF), presenting their new report on best practice in AIDS treatment from a 16- country study, and their call for donor countries to drop their opposition to treatment targets, and (3) a commentary by AIDS activist Brooks Baker on the reluctance by U.S. policymakers to abandon the false opposition between treatment and prevention.
Washington, DC - Men and women infected with HIV reduced the risk of transmitting the virus to their sexual partners through initiation of oral antiretroviral therapy (ART), according to findings from a large multinational clinical study conducted by the HIV Prevention Trials Network (HPTN), a global partnership dedicated to reducing the transmission of HIV through cutting-edge biomedical, behavioral, and structural interventions.
The study, known as HPTN 052, was designed to evaluate whether immediate versus delayed use of ART by HIV-infected individuals would reduce transmission of HIV to their HIVuninfected partners and potentially benefit the HIV-infected individual as well. Findings from the study were reviewed by an independent Data and Safety Monitoring Board (DSMB).The DSMB recommended that the results be released as soon as possible and that the findings be shared with study participants and investigators. The DSMB concluded that initiation of ART by HIV-infected individuals substantially protected their HIV-uninfected sexual partners from acquiring HIV infection, with a 96 percent reduction in risk of HIV transmission. HPTN 052 is the first randomized clinical trial to show that treating an HIV-infected individual with ART can reduce the risk of sexual transmission of HIV to an uninfected partner.
Extrapulmonary Small Cell Carcinoma - News
In the originally HIV-infected individuals themselves, 17 cases of extrapulmonary tuberculosis occurred in the delayed ART group, compared with three (3) cases in the immediate ART group, also a statistically significant finding.
Small Cell Carcinoma of the Renal Pelvis: A Case Report and Review ...
Abstract
Extrapulmonary small cell carcinoma occurs in nearly all organs except the central nervous system and the liver. We are presenting a case of renal small cell carcinoma (SCC) with two unique characters. A 75-year-old patient was evaluated for back pain with no other complaints. Magnetic Resonance (MR) imaging of the abdomen revealed homogeneous tumor in the left renal pelvis extending beyond the kidney. Metastatic workup was negative. A left nephroureterectomy was performed. Histopathology and immunohistochemistry revealed a small cell carcinoma of the renal pelvis. The patient declined adjuvant therapy and died 2 months after surgery due to unrelated causes. After comprehensive worldwide literature search, we found 13 cases of SCC of the renal pelvis, including the current case. The mean age was 61.6 years (37–83), with a M : F ratio of 1 : 1.8. The average duration of symptoms was 71.4 days (21–168). Gross hematuria was the most common symptom (69.2%) followed by pain (61.5%). Adjuvant chemotherapy was provided to 4 patients (30.7%), and neoadjuvant to 1 patient. The median survival of patients who did and did not receive chemotherapy was 5.5 months (3–8) and 6 months (2–31), respectively, cm lobulated, homogeneous tumor in the left renal pelvis extending into the upper ureter and psoas muscle. The tumor mass was isointense to skeletal muscle on T1-weighted images and mildly hyperintense on T2-weighted images with mild homogeneous contrast enhancement (Figure 1 ). Preaortic, para-aortic, aortocaval, and retrocaval lymph nodes were enlarged. Metastatic workup was negative. A left nephroureterectomy was performed. Intraoperatively, a large polypoidal growth arising from the left renal pelvis with multiple tumor foci in the calyceal system was noted. The tumor extended into the perirenal fat and Gerota’s fascia. Multiple hard, irregular lymph nodes measuring
Histopathology revealed a small cell carcinoma with monomorphic tumor cells containing scanty cytoplasm and dispersed chromatin. Nuclei were hyperchromatic with nuclear moulding and inconspicuous nucleoli. Mitosis was prominent. There was no evidence of nonneuroendocrine component. Tumor emboli were seen in the renal artery and in the lymphatic vessels. The tumor infiltrated into the wall of the ureter. The tumor cells showed immunoreactivity for neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and chromogranin. 4/4 lymph nodes were positive for metastases. Adjuvant chemotherapy and radiotherapy were considered, but the patient declined additional therapy and died 2 months later due to unrelated causes.
Extrapulmonary Small Cell Carcinoma - Bookshelf
Extrapulmonary small cell carcinoma
Small cell lung cancer
Extrapulmonary small cell carcinoma is rare, and most of the information is ... Extrapulmonary small cell carcinomas may represent a heterogeneous group of ...Methods of Cancer Diagnosis, Therapy and Prognosis, General Methods and Overviews, Lung Carcinoma and Prostate Carcinoma
Extrapulmonary small cell carcinomas are aggressive neoplasms and have the tendency for ... The pathology of extrapulmonary small cell carcinoma. Semin. ...Dail and Hammar's Pulmonary Pathology: Neoplastic lung disease
Cytokera- tin 20 was consistently negative in pulmonary small cell carcinomas and positive in only 4% of extrapulmonary small cell carcinomas, ...Metastatic carcinomas of unknown origin
Metastatic small cell carcinoma CUP cases account for 10% of patients with extrapulmonary small cell carcinomas. Because all these tumors have the potential ...Casual Articles Directory
Extrapulmonary Small Cell Carcinoma
Small cell carcinomas (SCC) commonly arise in the respiratory tract; however, it is not uncommon for these cells to arise in nonpulmonary sites, as extrapulmonary ...
Modern Pathology - Thyroid Transcription Factor-1 Is ...
Merkel cell carcinomas (primary cutaneous small cell neuroendocrine carcinomas) are ... The histogenesis of extrapulmonary small cell carcinomas is controversial, with ...
Extrapulmonary small cell carcinoma. - Free Online Library
Free Online Library: Extrapulmonary small cell carcinoma.(Review Article) by "Southern Medical Journal"; Health, general Antimitotic agents Antineoplastic agents ...
BioMed Central | Full text | The epidemiology and survival of ...
Extrapulmonary small cell carcinoma (EPSCC) is a rare cancer and few ... The latter group includes extrapulmonary small cell carcinoma (EPSCC) and small cell lung cancer (SCLC) ...
Extrapulmonary small cell carcinoma.
Small cell carcinoma presenting as an extrapulmonary neoplasm: sites of origin and ... Small cell carcinoma of the prostate: implications for management. ...